Arnold, Lesley M, Daniel J Clauw, and Bill H
McCarberg. 2011. “Improving the recognition and diagnosis of fibromyalgia.” Mayo
Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic 86(5):457-64. Retrieved July 16, 2011 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3084648&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
Fibromyalgia
(FM) is a chronic widespread pain disorder often seen in primary care
practices. Advances in the understanding of FM pathophysiology and clinical
presentation have improved the recognition and diagnosis of FM in clinical
practice. Fibromyalgia is a clinical diagnosis based on signs and symptoms and
is appropriate for primary care practitioners to make. The hallmark symptoms
used to identify FM are chronic widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep
disturbances. Awareness of common mimics of FM and comorbid disorders will
increase confidence in establishing a diagnosis of FM.
Arranz, Laura-Isabel, Miguel-Angel Canela, and
Magda Rafecas. 2010. “Fibromyalgia and nutrition, what do we know?” Rheumatology
international 30(11):1417-27. Retrieved December 8, 2011 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20358204).
Many
people suffer from fibromyalgia (FM) without an effective treatment. They do
not have a good quality of life and cannot maintain normal daily activity.
Among the different hypotheses for its ethiopathophysiology, oxidative stress
is one of the possibilities. Non-scientific information addressed to patients
regarding the benefits of nutrition is widely available, and they are used to
trying non-evidenced strategies. The aim of this paper is to find out what we
know right now from scientific studies regarding fibromyalgia disease and
nutritional status, diets and food supplements. A systematic search has been
performed on Medline with a wide range of terms about these nutritional issues.
The search has been made during 2009, for articles published between 1998 and
2008. Target population: people suffering from FM. Vegetarian diets could have
some beneficial effects probably due to the increase in antioxidant intake.
There is a high prevalence of obesity and overweight in patients, and weight
control seems to be an effective tool to improve the symptoms. Some nutritional
deficiencies have been described, it is not clear whether they are directly
related to this disease or not. About the usefulness of some food supplements
we found very little data, and it seems that more studies are needed to prove
which ones could be of help. Dietary advice is necessary to these patients to
improve their diets and maintain normal weight. It would be interesting to
investigate more in the field of nutrition and FM to reveal any possible
relationships.
Assefi, Nassim, Andy Bogart, Jack Goldberg, and
Dedra Buchwald. 2008. “Reiki for the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized
controlled trial.” Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New
York, N.Y.) 14(9):1115-22. Retrieved March 6, 2012 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3116531&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
Fibromyalgia
is a common, chronic pain condition for which patients frequently use
complementary and alternative medicine, including Reiki. Our objective was to
determine whether Reiki is beneficial as an adjunctive fibromyalgia treatment.
Brosseau, Lucie et al. 2008. “Ottawa Panel
evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for aerobic fitness exercises in
the management of fibromyalgia: part 1.” Physical therapy 88(7):857-71.
Retrieved December 11, 2011 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497301).
The
objective of this study was to create guidelines for the use of aerobic fitness
exercises in the management of adult patients (>18 years of age) with
fibromyalgia, as defined by the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria.
Brosseau, Lucie et al. 2008. “Ottawa Panel
evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for strengthening exercises in the
management of fibromyalgia: part 2.” Physical therapy 88(7):873-86.
Retrieved December 9, 2011 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497302).
The
objective of this study was to create guidelines for the use of strengthening
exercises in the management of adult patients (>18 years of age) with
fibromyalgia (FM), as defined by the 1990 American College of Rheumatology
criteria.
Castro-Sánchez, Adelaida
María et al. 2011. “Benefits
of massage-myofascial release therapy on pain, anxiety, quality of sleep,
depression, and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia.” Evidence-based
complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 2011:561753. Retrieved August 7,
2011 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3018656&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
Fibromyalgia
is a chronic syndrome characterized by generalized pain, joint rigidity,
intense fatigue, sleep alterations, headache, spastic colon, craniomandibular
dysfunction, anxiety, and depression. The purpose of the present study was to
determine whether massage-myofascial release therapy can improve pain, anxiety,
quality of sleep, depression, and quality of life in patients with
fibromyalgia. A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed.
Seventy-four fibromyalgia patients were randomly assigned to experimental
(massage-myofascial release therapy) and placebo (sham treatment with
disconnected magnotherapy device) groups. The intervention period was 20 weeks.
Pain, anxiety, quality of sleep, depression, and quality of life were
determined at baseline, after the last treatment session, and at 1 month and 6
months. Immediately after treatment and at 1 month, anxiety levels, quality of
sleep, pain, and quality of life were improved in the experimental group over
the placebo group. However, at 6 months postintervention, there were only
significant differences in the quality of sleep index. Myofascial release
techniques improved pain and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia.
Clauw, Daniel J, Lesley M Arnold, and Bill H
McCarberg. 2011. “The Science of Fibromyalgia.” Mayo Clinic proceedings.
Mayo Clinic 86(9):907-911. Retrieved September 9, 2011 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3258006&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
Fibromyalgia
(FM) is a common chronic widespread pain disorder. Our understanding of FM has
increased substantially in recent years with extensive research suggesting a
neurogenic origin for the most prominent symptom of FM, chronic widespread
pain. Neurochemical imbalances in the central nervous system are associated
with central amplification of pain perception characterized by allodynia (a
heightened sensitivity to stimuli that are not normally painful) and
hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). Despite this increased
awareness and understanding, FM remains undiagnosed in an estimated 75% of
people with the disorder. Clinicians could more effectively diagnose and manage
FM if they better understood its underlying mechanisms. Fibromyalgia is a
disorder of pain processing. Evidence suggests that both the ascending and
descending pain pathways operate abnormally, resulting in central amplification
of pain signals, analogous to the "volume control setting" being
turned up too high. Patients with FM also exhibit changes in the levels of
neurotransmitters that cause augmented central nervous system pain processing;
levels of several neurotransmitters that facilitate pain transmission are
elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain, and levels of several
neurotransmitters known to inhibit pain transmission are decreased.
Pharmacological agents that act centrally in ascending and/or descending pain
processing pathways, such as medications with approved indications for FM, are
effective in many patients with FM as well as other conditions involving
central pain amplification. Research is ongoing to determine the role of
analogous central nervous system factors in the other cardinal symptoms of FM,
such as fatigue, nonrestorative sleep, and cognitive dysfunction.
Fontaine, Kevin R, Lora Conn, and Daniel J
Clauw. 2011. “Effects of lifestyle physical activity in adults with
fibromyalgia: results at follow-up.” Journal of clinical rheumatology :
practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 17(2):64-8.
Retrieved March 6, 2012 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3206258&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
In
a 12-week randomized controlled trial of the effects of lifestyle physical
activity (LPA) on symptoms and function among adults with fibromyalgia, we
found that LPA participants increased their average daily step count by 54%,
improved their self-reported functioning by 18%, and reduced their pain by 35%.
Fontaine, Kevin R, Lora Conn, and Daniel J
Clauw. 2010. “Effects of lifestyle physical activity on perceived symptoms and
physical function in adults with fibromyalgia: results of a randomized trial.” Arthritis
research & therapy 12(2):R55. Retrieved March 6, 2012 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2888205&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
Although
exercise is therapeutic for adults with fibromyalgia (FM), its symptoms often
create obstacles that discourage exercise. We evaluated the effects of
accumulating at least 30 minutes of self-selected lifestyle physical activity
(LPA) on perceived physical function, pain, fatigue, body mass index,
depression, tenderness, and the six-minute walk test in adults with FM.
Häuser, Winfried et al. 2010. “Efficacy of
different types of aerobic exercise in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic
review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.” Arthritis
research & therapy 12(3):R79. Retrieved March 6, 2012 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2911859&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
The
efficacy and the optimal type and volume of aerobic exercise (AE) in fibromyalgia
syndrome (FMS) are not established. We therefore assessed the efficacy of
different types and volumes of AE in FMS.
van Koulil, S et al. 2007.
“Cognitive-behavioural therapies and exercise programmes for patients with
fibromyalgia: state of the art and future directions.” Annals of the
rheumatic diseases 66(5):571-81. Retrieved March 6, 2012 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1954607&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
This
review provides an overview of the effects of non-pharmacological treatments
for patients with fibromyalgia (FM), including cognitive-behavioural therapy,
exercise training programmes, or a combination of the two. After summarising
and discussing preliminary evidence of the rationale of non-pharmacological
treatment in patients with FM, we reviewed randomised, controlled trials for
possible predictors of the success of treatment such as patient and treatment
characteristics. In spite of support for their suitability in FM, the effects
of non-pharmacological interventions are limited and positive outcomes largely
disappear in the long term. However, within the various populations with FM,
treatment outcomes showed considerable individual variations. In particular,
specific subgroups of patients characterised by relatively high levels of
psychological distress seem to benefit most from non-pharmacological
interventions. Preliminary evidence of retrospective treatment analyses
suggests that the efficacy may be enhanced by offering tailored treatment
approaches at an early stage to patients who are at risk of developing chronic
physical and psychological impairments.
Mannerkorpi, Kaisa, Lena Nordeman, Asa Cider,
and Gunilla Jonsson. 2010. “Does moderate-to-high intensity Nordic walking
improve functional capacity and pain in fibromyalgia? A prospective randomized
controlled trial.” Arthritis research & therapy 12(5):R189.
Retrieved October 19, 2011 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2991024&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
The
objective of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate-to-high
intensity Nordic walking (NW) on functional capacity and pain in fibromyalgia
(FM).
Sañudo, Borja, Delfín Galiano, Luis Carrasco,
Moisés de Hoyo, and Joseph G McVeigh. 2011. “Effects of a prolonged exercise
program on key health outcomes in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized
controlled trial.” Journal of rehabilitation medicine : official journal of
the UEMS European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
43(6):521-6. Retrieved March 6, 2012 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21533333).
To
assess the impact of a long-term exercise programme vs usual care on perceived
health status, functional capacity and depression in patients with
fibromyalgia.
Smith, Howard S, Richard Harris, and Daniel
Clauw. 2011. “Fibromyalgia: an afferent processing disorder leading to a
complex pain generalized syndrome.” Pain physician 14(2):E217-45.
Retrieved (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412381).
Fibromyalgia
is a condition which appears to involve disordered central afferent processing.
The major symptoms of fibromyalgia include multifocal pain, fatigue, sleep
disturbances, and cognitive or memory problems. Other symptoms may include
psychological distress, impaired functioning, and sexual dysfunction. The
pathophysiology of fibromyalgia remains uncertain but is believed to be largely
central in nature. In 1990 the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) published
diagnostic research criteria for fibromyalgia. The criteria included a history
of chronic and widespread pain and the presence of 11 or more out of 18 tender
points. Pain was considered chronic widespread when all of the following are
present: pain in the left side of the body; pain in the right side of the body;
pain above the waist; pain below the waist. In addition, axial skeletal pain
must be present and the duration of pain must be more than 3 months. A tender
point is considered positive when pain can be elicited by pressures of 4 kg/cm2
or less. For tender points to be considered positive, the patient must perceive
the palpation as painful; tenderness to palpation is not sufficient. However,
over the next 20 years it became increasingly appreciated that the focus on
tender points was not justified. In 2010 a similar group of investigators
performed a multicenter study of 829 previously diagnosed fibromyalgia patients
and controls using physician physical and interview examinations, including a
widespread pain index (WPI), a measure of the number of painful body regions.
Random forest and recursive partitioning analyses were used to guide the
development of a case definition of fibromyalgia, to develop new preliminary
ACR diagnostic criteria, and to construct a symptom severity (SS) scale. The
most important diagnostic variables were WPI and categorical scales for
cognitive symptoms, un-refreshed sleep, fatigue, and number of somatic
symptoms. The categorical scales were summed to create an SS scale. The
investigators combined the SS scale and the WPI to recommend a new case
definition of fibromyalgia: (WPI > or = 7 AND SS > or = 5). Although
there is no known cure for fibromyalgia, multidisciplinary team efforts using
combined treatment approaches, including patient education, aerobic exercise,
cognitive behavioral therapy, and pharmacologic therapies (serotonin
norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [e.g., duloxetine, milnacipran] and alpha
2-delta receptor ligands [e.g., pregabalin]) might improve symptoms as well as
function in patients with fibromyalgia.
Terhorst, Lauren, Michael J Schneider, Kevin H
Kim, Lee M Goozdich, and Carol S Stilley. 2011. “Complementary and alternative
medicine in the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia: a systematic review of
randomized controlled trials.” Journal of manipulative and physiological
therapeutics 34(7):483-96. Retrieved September 23, 2011 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21875523).
The
purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature for randomized
trials of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) interventions for
fibromyalgia (FM).
Tsao, Jennie C I. 2007. “Effectiveness of
massage therapy for chronic, non-malignant pain: a review.” Evidence-based
complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 4(2):165-79. Retrieved March
6, 2012 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1876616&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
Previous
reviews of massage therapy for chronic, non-malignant pain have focused on
discrete pain conditions. This article aims to provide a broad overview of the
literature on the effectiveness of massage for a variety of chronic,
non-malignant pain complaints to identify gaps in the research and to inform
future clinical trials. Computerized databases were searched for relevant
studies including prior reviews and primary trials of massage therapy for
chronic, non-malignant pain. Existing research provides fairly robust support
for the analgesic effects of massage for non-specific low back pain, but only
moderate support for such effects on shoulder pain and headache pain. There is
only modest, preliminary support for massage in the treatment of fibromyalgia,
mixed chronic pain conditions, neck pain and carpal tunnel syndrome. Thus,
research to date provides varying levels of evidence for the benefits of
massage therapy for different chronic pain conditions. Future studies should
employ rigorous study designs and include follow-up assessments for additional
quantification of the longer-term effects of massage on chronic pain.
Vas, Jorge et al. 2011. “Effects of acupuncture
on patients with fibromyalgia: study protocol of a multicentre randomized controlled
trial.” Trials 12:59. Retrieved March 6, 2012 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3055832&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
Fibromyalgia
is a multidimensional disorder for which treatment as yet remains
unsatisfactory. Studies of an acupuncture-based approach, despite its broad
acceptance among patients and healthcare staff, have not produced sufficient
evidence of its effectiveness in treating this syndrome. The present study aims
to evaluate the effectiveness of individualized acupuncture for patients with
fibromyalgia, with respect to reducing their pain and level of incapacity, and
improving their quality of life.
Wang, Chenchen. 2011. “Tai chi and rheumatic
diseases.” Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 37(1):19-32.
Retrieved August 28, 2011 (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3058626&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract).
Tai
chi is a complex multicomponent mind-body exercise. Many studies have provided
evidence that tai chi benefits patients with a variety of chronic disorders.
This form of mind-body exercise enhances cardiovascular fitness, muscular
strength, balance, and physical function and seems to be associated with
reduced stress, anxiety, and depression and improved quality of life. Thus,
despite certain limitations in the evidence, tai chi can be recommended to
patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and fibromyalgia as a
complementary and alternative medical approach. This article overviews the
current knowledge about tai chi to better inform clinical decision making for
rheumatic patients.
Wolfe, Frederick, and Winfried Häuser. 2011.
“Fibromyalgia diagnosis and diagnostic criteria.” Annals of medicine
43(7):495-502. Retrieved February 10, 2012 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21770697).
Abstract
Criteria for fibromyalgia developed from the conceptualization and hypotheses
of Smythe and Moldofsky in 1977 and gradually evolved to a set of
classification criteria endorsed by the American College of Rheumatology that
emphasized tender points and widespread pain, measures of decreased pain
threshold. In 2010, American College of Rheumatology fibromyalgia diagnostic
criteria (see article below) were published that abandoned the tender point count and placed increased
emphasis of patient symptoms. The 2010 criteria also contained severity scales
and offered physicians the opportunity to assess polysymptomatic distress on a
continuous scale. This enabled physicians who were opposed to the idea of
fibromyalgia to also assess and diagnose patients using an alternative
nomenclature.
Wolfe, Frederick et al. 2010. “The American
College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and
measurement of symptom severity.” Arthritis care & research 62(5):600-10.
Retrieved July 16, 2011 (http://www.rheumatology.org/practice/clinical/classification/fibromyalgia/2010_Preliminary_Diagnostic_Criteria.pdf#search=%22fibromyalgia%22).
To
develop simple, practical criteria for clinical diagnosis of fibromyalgia that
are suitable for use in primary and specialty care and that do not require a
tender point examination, and to provide a severity scale for characteristic
fibromyalgia symptoms.
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